Geml, J zsef Kauff, Frank Brochmann, Christan Taylor, D.L. nivalis suggest that these species, and perhaps other arctic lichens as well, will be able to track their potential niche in the changing Arctic. The high genetic diversity and efficient long-distance dispersal capability of F. The mode of long-distance dispersal is unknown, but wind dispersal of conidia and/or ascospores is probably important in the open arctic landscapes. The high genetic diversity observed in the Arctic indicates long-term survival at high latitudes, whereas the estimated migration rates and weak geographic population structure suggest a continuing long-distance gene flow between continents that has prevented pronounced genetic differentiation. nivalis have been able to migrate over large distances in response to climatic fluctuations. We found only weak genetic differentiation among North American and Eurasian populations, and evidence for moderate to high transoceanic gene flow. Clades within each species contained specimens from both North America and Eurasia. nivalis were monophyletic, supporting their morphology-based delimitation, and had high and moderately high intraspecific genetic diversity, respectively. Phylogenetic, nonparametric permutation methods and coalescent analyses were used to assess population divergence and to estimate the extent and direction of migration among continents. Sequences of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) + 5.8S ribosomal subunit gene region were generated for 89 samples, and supplemented by beta-tubulin (BTUB) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EFl) sequences for a subset of F. nivalis) collected from various locations in Europe, Asia and North America. DNA sequences were obtained for 90 specimens (49 for F. We examined genetic structure and long-distance gene flow in two lichenized ascomycetes, Flavocetraria cucullata and Flavocetraria nivalis, which are widespread in arctic and alpine tundra.
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